Solid State

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  • June 24, 2023
9th Chemistry Ch#05 Physical States of Matter Solid State

Solid State

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Definition:

The state of matter which have definite shape and volume.

Properties of the Condensed OR Solid State:

  1. Density: They have high density.
  2. Compressibility: They are essentially incompressible.
  3. Expansibility: All solids are expands on heating.
  4. Shape and volume: They have a fixed shape and volume.

Rigidity:

The solids are closely packed due to this solids are not mobile. Therefore solids have rigidity in their structure.

 

Density:

Solids are much more denser than liquid or gas.

Sublimation:

Some solids canchange directly into the gaseous state, without passing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation.

Deposition:

The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, a process in which gaseous substances condense directly into the solid state, without passing the liquid state. The formation of frost is an example of deposition.

Types of solid:

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids:

 There are basically two general categories of solids: amorphous and crystalline.

  1. Amorphous solids: are so named because they have no defined shape. The basic particles in amorphous solids are not located in any particular positions. Examples of amorphous solids are glass, rubber, and many plastics.
  2. In crystalline solids, the molecules or ions are arranged in a regular, symmetrical structure called a crystal lattice. Examples of crystalline solids are salt crystal, a piece of quartz, and many minerals found on Earth naturally form solids with definite or characteristic symmetrical geometric patterns.

Crystalline Solids The minerals shown here are crystalline solids that are ionic compounds. Their symmetrical shapes reflect the ordered geometry of the ions within.

Difference between morphous solid and crystalline solid:

Characteristics Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids
Shape: They have definite geometrical shape. They have indefinite geometrical shape.
Arrangement: They have highly ordered three-dimensional arrangements of particles. In these solids, particles are randomly arranged in three dimensions.
Melting and Boiling Points: They have sharp melting and boiling points. They don’t have sharp melting and boiling points.
Symmetry: Crystalline solids are symmetrical. Amorphous solids are asymmetrical.
Cleavage: Crystalline solids break along particular directions at fixed cleavage planes. Amorphous solids do not break at fixed cleavage planes.

Allotropy:

“The phenomenon of existence of the element in more than one crystalline form is Allotropy and the forms are allotropes or allotropic forms or modification.”

The Allotropes of Carbon: There are three allotropes of carbon— diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene.

Quiz

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