A cell is made up of multiple cell organelles, each one of them performs its specific function.
The protoplasm outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm. It is the translucent fluid portion of the cell lying in between plasma membrane and nucleus.
Cytoskeleton is a microscopic network of proteins consisting of microtubules and various filaments that are spread throughout the cytoplasm.
Microtubules of cytoskeleton are made of tubulin while filaments made up of active protein.
Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. It is an important and prominent structure lying inside the cell. In a plant cell it is pushed towards the cell membrane due to presence of a large vacuole.
Nucleus may be spherical or irregular in shape and it consists of following parts.
Nucleus is enveloped by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane.
Nucleus is filled with a gel-like substance called nucleoplasm.
Chromatin network consists of thread-like structures called chromosomes.
Mitochondria are rod like or bean shaped cell organelles which consists of double membranes. They are energy producers.
Each mitochondria is approximately 0.2 to 1.0 µm in diameter and about 10 µm long. It consists of two thin membranes. The inner membrane is folded. These folding are called cristae while the fluid present inside is called matrix.
On the cristae (inner membrane) enzymes and coenzymes are located which oxidize the food for the production of energy (respiration), therefore they are house of the cell.
Endo=inside, plasma = protoplasm, reticulum = network
It is a network of membrane channels or tubules extending throughout the cytoplasm. The channels seem to be in contact with plasma membrane as well as nuclear membrane.
It is an elaborate tube-like system of lipoprotein.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is heavily coated with ribosomes on its other surface which is involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is without ribosomes. It is found in steroid production cells.
They are called ribosomes, because they are rich in Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA). Each ribosome consists of two unequal subunits. They are found freely in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
They serve as sites where proteins are synthesized hence they are called protein factories of cells.
They are discovered by Camilla Golgi and thus called Golgi complexes or bodies.
They are present inside cells in the form of small granules, fibers or flattened discs stacked together into flattened fluid filled sacs or vesicles containing carbohydrate, glycoproteins and enzymes.
These are small, membrane-bound spherical sacs. Many vesicles are made in the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum, or are made from parts of the cell membrane.
Vesicles facilitate the metabolism, transport and storage of molecules.
Lysosomes are small membrane-bordered structure that contains chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell. Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus.
These are the fluid filled non-protoplasmic sacs (cavities) found in the cytoplasm of cells. Vacuole is surrounded by a selectively permeable boundary called tonoplast. The vacuole contains cell sap, In animal cells vacuoles are numerous and formed temporarily while in plant cells, a single, large and permanent vacuole is found.
Plastids are large cytoplasmic and major organelles found in cells of plants and algae.
Each plastid is generally a spherical or ovoid body, bounded by a membrane from outside.
They contain different types of pigments on the basis of which they are classified into following types.
They contain different types of pigments on the basis of which they are classified into following types.
Chloroplasts are doubled membrane, bean shaped cytoplasmic organelle which contain chlorophyll and found in all green parts of plants.
